<em>Syphilis: A Motion Picture Clinic</em>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Effects">Syphilis—Effects</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Epidemiology+">Syphilis—Epidemiology </a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Incidence+">Syphilis—Incidence </a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Prevalence+">Syphilis—Prevalence </a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Testing+">Syphilis—Testing </a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Treatment">Syphilis—Treatment</a>
This film was created to educate physicians about venereal disease. It explains symptoms and how to diagnose syphilis, general control principles, treatment, congenital syphilis, and other topics.
(Click on the link below to access the film at the OPA.)
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=American+Medical+Association">American Medical Association</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=USPHS">USPHS</a>
National Archives, Record Group 90: Records of the Public Health Service, 1794-1990, Series: Motion Picture Films, 1924-1973, <a href="http://research.archives.gov/description/13277">http://research.archives.gov/description/13277</a>.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=40&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=1935">1935</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=42&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Film">Film</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=43&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=NARA%3A+13277">NARA: 13277</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=38&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=United+States--Great+Depression">United States--Great Depression</a>
"Syphilis in New York State, Syphilis in Scandinavia"
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Incidence+">Syphilis—Incidence </a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>
This pictorial statistic compares the incidence of syphilis in New York State and Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden). Though they have roughly equal populations, Scandinavia has a much lower rate of disease. It is a graphic print for an image that appeared in Parran's 1937 book, <em>Shadow on the Land</em>.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Thomas+Parran">Thomas Parran</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Pictorial+Statistics%2C+Inc.">Pictorial Statistics, Inc.</a>
Papers of Dr. Thomas Parran, Jr., MD, Box 41, Folder 537, University of Pittsburgh Archive Service Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=40&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=1937">1937</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=38&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=United+States--Great+Depression">United States--Great Depression</a>
"Menaces to America's Health"
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Incidence+">Syphilis—Incidence </a>
This pictorial statistic shows syphilis atop a list of health threats including scarlet fever, TB, auto accidents, and diphtheria. It is a graphic print for an image that appeared in Parran's 1937 book, <em>Shadow on the Land.</em>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Thomas+Parran">Thomas Parran</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Pictorial+Statistics%2C+Inc">Pictorial Statistics, Inc</a>
Papers of Dr. Thomas Parran, Jr., MD, Box 41, Folder 537, University of Pittsburgh Archive Service Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=40&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=1937">1937</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=38&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=United+States--Great+Depression">United States--Great Depression</a>
"Incidence of Syphilis Among Negroes"
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Incidence+">Syphilis—Incidence </a>
This pictorial statistic shows syphilis rates among different African American communities. It uses a symbol of a man with a spirochete on his chest to represent the statistic. It is a graphic print for an image that appeared in Parran's 1937 book, <em>Shadow on the Land</em>.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Pictorial+Statistics%2C+Inc">Pictorial Statistics, Inc</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Thomas+Parran">Thomas Parran</a>
Papers of Dr. Thomas Parran, Jr., MD, Box 41, Folder 537, University of Pittsburgh Archive Service Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=40&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=1937">1937</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=38&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=United+States--Great+Depression">United States--Great Depression</a>
"Syphilis the Enemy of Youth"
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Incidence+">Syphilis—Incidence </a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Youth">Youth</a>
"3 out of 4 syphilis infections are acquired between 15 and 30 years of age."
This infographic breaks down the percentage of new cases of syphilis each year by age. Most who acquire the disease do so between the ages of 15 and 30.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=ASHA">ASHA</a>
American Social Health Association Records (1905-2005), University of Minnesota, Social Welfare History Archives, Box 177, Folder 18.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=40&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=circa+late+1930s">circa late 1930s</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=38&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=United+States--Great+Depression">United States--Great Depression</a>
"Gonorrhea and Syphilis Lead Among Communicable Diseases"
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Gonorrhea%E2%80%94Incidence++%0D%0A">Gonorrhea—Incidence
</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Incidence+">Syphilis—Incidence </a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Venereal+disease%E2%80%94Incidence+">Venereal disease—Incidence </a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Venereal+disease--Comparison+to+infectious+diseases">Venereal disease--Comparison to infectious diseases</a>
This infographic conveys that there are more new cases of syphilis and gonorrhea each year compared to other infectious diseases.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=ASHA">ASHA</a>
American Social Health Association Records (1905-2005), University of Minnesota, Social Welfare History Archives, Box 177, Folder 18.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=40&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=circa+late+1930s">circa late 1930s</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=38&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=United+States--Great+Depression">United States--Great Depression</a>
"Syphilis Strikes One Out of Every 10 Adults" (Pictorial Statistics Brochure)
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Incidence+">Syphilis—Incidence </a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Prevalence">Syphilis—Prevalence</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Infographic--Effectiveness">Infographic--Effectiveness</a>
This is a reproduction of the 1/10 infographic originally from the <em>Reader's Digest</em> and <em>Survey Graphic</em> articles by Parran. Here it is included in a pamphlet by Pictorial Statistics, Inc. to highlight their work and the effectiveness of infographics.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Thomas+Parran">Thomas Parran</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Pictorial+Statistics%2C+Inc.">Pictorial Statistics, Inc.</a>
Papers of Dr. Thomas Parran, Jr., MD, Box 29, Folder 281, University of Pittsburgh Archive Service Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=45&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Pictorial+Statistics%2C+Inc.">Pictorial Statistics, Inc.</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=40&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=circa+1936">circa 1936</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=38&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=United+States--Great+Depression">United States--Great Depression</a>
"Stamp Out Syphilis--Enemy of Youth!"
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Incidence+">Syphilis—Incidence </a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Youth">Youth</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis+control%E2%80%94Materials+available+">Syphilis control—Materials available </a>
This is an ASHA order form for posters versions of cartoon titled, "Isn't it fair to warn her?"<br /><br />"'Three-fourths of all syphilis infections are acquired by young people between the ages of 16 and 30 years.' : Isn't it fair to warn her? : Syphilis Can Be Stamped Out! : Ask--The American Social Hygiene Association : How Your Can Help! : This cartoon by the 1937 Pulitzer prize-winner was published by the <em>New York Daily News</em> on the Second National Social Hyignee Day. By permission of the <em>News</em> and the artist the Association reproduces it as a poster."
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=C.D.+Batchelor%2C+artist">C.D. Batchelor, artist</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=ASHA">ASHA</a>
American Social Health Association Records (1905-2005), University of Minnesota, Social Welfare History Archives, Box 173, Folder 10, <a href="http://purl.umn.edu/112040">http://purl.umn.edu/112040</a>.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=45&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=ASHA">ASHA</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=45&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=%3Cem%3ENew+York+Daily+News%3C%2Fem%3E"><em>New York Daily News</em></a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=40&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=1937">1937</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=43&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=UMedia%3A+sw0045-box173-fdr10-pa100">UMedia: sw0045-box173-fdr10-pa100</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=38&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=United+States--Great+Depression">United States--Great Depression</a>
"Syphilis in New York State, Syphilis in Scandinavia" (Survey Graphic Reprint)
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Incidence+">Syphilis—Incidence </a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>
This pictorial statistic compares the incidence of syphilis in New York and Scandinavia. Even though the two areas have approximately equal populations, New York has 50,000 new cases annually, while Norway, Sweden, and Denmark only have about 2,000.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Thomas+Parran">Thomas Parran</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Pictorial+Statistics%2C+Inc.">Pictorial Statistics, Inc.</a>
Papers of Dr. Thomas Parran, Jr., MD, Box 54, Folder 961, University of Pittsburgh Archive Service Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=45&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Survey+Graphic">Survey Graphic</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=40&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=1936">1936</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=38&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=United+States--Great+Depression">United States--Great Depression</a>
"Syphilis in Sweden" (Survey Graphic Reprint)
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Incidence+">Syphilis—Incidence </a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>
This pictorial statistic shows the incidence of syphilis in Sweden 1916-1934. While there was a sharp increase in 1919, new cases decreased dramatically in the 1920s and 1930s. It is from the article "Stamp Out Syphilis!" from the July 1936 issue of Survey Graphic.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Thomas+Parran">Thomas Parran</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Pictorial+Statistics%2C+Inc.">Pictorial Statistics, Inc.</a>
Papers of Dr. Thomas Parran, Jr., MD, Box 54, Folder 961, University of Pittsburgh Archive Service Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=45&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Survey+Graphic">Survey Graphic</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=40&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=1936">1936</a>
Infographic
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=38&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=United+States--Great+Depression">United States--Great Depression</a>
"Stamp Out Syphilis!" (Survey Graphic Reprint)
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis+control%0D%0A">Syphilis control
</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Incidence+">Syphilis—Incidence </a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Syphilis%E2%80%94Prevalence+">Syphilis—Prevalence </a>
This is the cover of a reprint of an article from the July 1936 issue of Survey Graphic.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Thomas+Parran%0D%0A">Thomas Parran
</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=39&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Pictorial+Statistics%2C+Inc.">Pictorial Statistics, Inc.</a>
Papers of Dr. Thomas Parran, Jr., MD, Box 54, Folder 961, University of Pittsburgh Archive Service Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=45&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Survey+Graphic">Survey Graphic</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=40&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=1936">1936</a>
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=38&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=United+States--Great+Depression">United States--Great Depression</a>